### Core Meaning & Semantic Range
The Greek term ἄγαμος (ágamos) is a compound word derived from the privative alpha (ἀ-), functioning as a negative particle, and γάμος (gámos), meaning "marriage" or "wedding." Thus, its core meaning is "unmarried" or "without marriage." Semantically, ἄγαμος describes a state of being single, encompassing individuals who have never entered into matrimony, as well as those who were previously married but are now without a spouse, such as widows or those who have separated from their partners. It directly contrasts with the married state, highlighting the absence of a current marital bond. The term does not inherently carry connotations of celibacy as a vowed state, but rather describes the factual condition of not being married.
### Biblical Occurrences & Contextual Analysis
The term ἄγαμος `{{G22}}` appears exclusively in the Apostle Paul's first letter to the Corinthians, specifically within chapter 7, where he addresses various questions concerning marriage, celibacy, and singleness.
* In [[1 Corinthians 7:8]], Paul states, "I say therefore to the unmarried and widows, it is good for them if they remain even as I am." Here, ἄγαμος is paired with "widows," indicating that it refers to a broader category of single individuals, including those who have never married and those who have lost their spouses. Paul's personal example (being unmarried) serves as a model for this group, suggesting that remaining single can be a good and viable option.
* [[1 Corinthians 7:11]] applies ἄγαμος to a specific scenario: "but if she does depart, let her remain unmarried or else be reconciled to her husband." This context refers to a woman who separates from her husband. The instruction to remain ἄγαμος emphasizes that even in a state of marital separation, she is not to enter into a new marriage but remain without a spouse or seek reconciliation. This underscores the permanence of the marital bond even in separation.
* In [[1 Corinthians 7:32]], Paul explains a practical advantage of singleness: "He who is unmarried cares for the things of the Lord, how he may please the Lord." Here, ἄγαμος refers to the unmarried man, highlighting that his lack of marital responsibilities allows for a more focused and undivided devotion to God's concerns.
* Similarly, [[1 Corinthians 7:34]] states, "There is a difference between a wife and a virgin. The unmarried woman cares for the things of the Lord, that she may be holy both in body and in spirit." While the Greek παρθένος `{{G3923}}` (virgin) is also mentioned, ἄγαμος here describes the unmarried woman generally, reiterating the theme that freedom from marital obligations can lead to a more complete consecration to the Lord, both physically and spiritually.
Across these occurrences, ἄγαμος consistently denotes the state of being without a spouse, and Paul uses this state as a basis for discussing the practical and spiritual implications of singleness in relation to Christian living and service.
### Related Words & Concepts
The study of ἄγαμος `{{G22}}` is enriched by examining its relationship to other key terms and concepts within biblical theology:
* **γάμος `{{G1062}}` (marriage, wedding feast):** As the root of ἄγαμος, this term represents the direct antonym. ἄγαμος defines itself by the absence of γάμος.
* **γαμέω `{{G1060}}` (to marry):** The verbal form of marriage, describing the act of entering into the married state. ἄγαμος is the state of not having performed this act or being released from its bond.
* **παρθένος `{{G3923}}` (virgin):** While often overlapping with ἄγαμος in practice, παρθένος specifically refers to an unmarried woman who is a virgin. ἄγαμος is a broader term that can include widows or divorced individuals, not solely those who have never been married. Paul distinguishes between a "wife" and a "virgin" in [[1 Corinthians 7:34]], then uses ἄγαμος to describe the unmarried woman generally, indicating that the unmarried state (whether virgin or widow) shares certain advantages.
* **Celibacy:** While ἄγαμος describes the state of being unmarried, celibacy refers to the *choice* to remain unmarried, often for religious or spiritual reasons. Paul's discussion in 1 Corinthians 7 implies that for some, being ἄγαμος is a conscious choice for the sake of the kingdom.
* **Singleness:** This is the general English term for the state described by ἄγαμος. Paul's teaching elevates singleness from merely an absence of marriage to a potentially purposeful and spiritually advantageous condition.
* **Marriage (Biblical Concept):** The institution of marriage is affirmed elsewhere in Scripture as divinely ordained and honorable ([[Hebrews 13:4]]). Paul's discussion of ἄγαμος does not diminish marriage but rather presents singleness as an equally valid and, for some, more fitting path for devotion and service, especially in light of eschatological urgency.
### Theological Significance
The theological significance of ἄγαμος `{{G22}}` is primarily drawn from Paul's teaching in 1 Corinthians 7, offering profound insights into Christian life and devotion:
* **Undivided Devotion to the Lord:** The most prominent theological point is that the ἄγαμος state can facilitate an undivided focus on God's will and service. Paul argues that married individuals have dual concerns—pleasing both the Lord and their spouse—whereas the unmarried can dedicate themselves more fully to "the things of the Lord" ([[1 Corinthians 7:32]], [[1 Corinthians 7:34]]). This highlights a spiritual advantage, not a moral superiority.
* **Eschatological Urgency:** Paul's counsel regarding ἄγαμος is situated within the context of "the present distress" ([[1 Corinthians 7:26]]) and the fleeting nature of this world. In light of Christ's imminent return and the coming kingdom, where marriage will not exist ([[Matthew 22:30]]), remaining ἄγαμος can be a practical way to live with an eternal perspective, unencumbered by worldly anxieties.
* **A Valid Path for Holiness and Service:** The passage affirms that being ἄγαμος is a legitimate and honorable state for believers. It is not a lesser state than marriage but a different path, potentially enabling a unique form of holiness and service, particularly for those who have the "gift" for it ([[1 Corinthians 7:7]]). The unmarried woman, for instance, is described as able to be "holy both in body and in spirit" ([[1 Corinthians 7:34]]), implying a comprehensive consecration.
* **Not a Universal Prescription:** It is crucial to note that Paul does not mandate singleness for all believers. He acknowledges that marriage is good and necessary for many ([[1 Corinthians 7:9]]). Rather, he presents ἄγαμος as a viable option for those who are able to embrace it for the sake of the kingdom, emphasizing individual gifting and calling.
### Summary
The Greek term ἄγαμος `{{G22}}`, meaning "unmarried," describes the state of being without a spouse, encompassing those who have never married, widows, and individuals in marital separation. Its primary biblical occurrences are found in 1 Corinthians 7, where Paul extensively discusses the implications of singleness for Christian life. The theological significance of ἄγαμος centers on the unique opportunity it presents for undivided devotion and service to the Lord. Paul highlights how the unmarried state can free believers from worldly anxieties, allowing for a more focused pursuit of God's will and a deeper consecration, particularly in light of eschatological realities. While not presented as universally superior to marriage, being ἄγαμος is affirmed as a legitimate and divinely-enabled path for those called to it, enabling greater spiritual freedom and dedication to the kingdom.